Learning html
26 Mar 2009 1 Comment
in html Tags: html, html tutorials, language, learn, lessons, script, tutorials, web
After long time I opened my lessons of html and had a long session revising and experimenting different scripts, building from sliced psd file to html with proper fonts and background management. hmm still in begining level, but hoping ahead ahead ahead
Basic HTML Tutorial
02 Apr 2009 Leave a Comment
in html Tags: html, html tutorials, learn, tutorials
HTML Website Design Tutorial 1 – Basics & Beginnings
02 Apr 2009 3 Comments
in html Tags: html, html tutorials, language, lessons, tutorials, web
PHP Tutorial
09 May 2009 3 Comments
in PHP Tags: php, PHP lessons, PHP Tutorial, web
PHP is a powerful server-side scripting language for creating dynamic and interactive websites.
PHP is the widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft’s ASP. PHP is perfectly suited for Web development and can be embedded directly into the HTML code.
The PHP syntax is very similar to Perl and C. PHP is often used together with Apache (web server) on various operating systems. It also supports ISAPI and can be used with Microsoft’s IIS on Windows.
XHTML Tutorial
18 May 2009 Leave a Comment
in XHTML Tags: Tutorial, web, XHTML Tutorial
XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML.
In this tutorial you will learn the difference between HTML and XHTML
HTML Language Code Reference
18 May 2009 Leave a Comment
in html, XHTML Tags: HTML Language Code
ISO Language Codes
The HTML lang attribute can be used to declare the language of a Web page or a portion of a Web page. This is meant to assist search engines and browsers.
According to the W3C recommendation you should declare the primary language for each Web page with the lang attribute inside the <html> tag, like this:
<html lang="en"> ... </html> |
In XHTML, the language is declared inside the <html> tag as follows:
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> ... </html> |
ISO 639-1 Language Codes
ISO 639-1 defines abbreviations for languages. In HTML and XHTML they can be used in the lang and xml:lang attributes.
| Language | ISO Code |
|---|---|
| Abkhazian | ab |
| Afar | aa |
| Afrikaans | af |
| Albanian | sq |
| Amharic | am |
| Arabic | ar |
| Armenian | hy |
| Assamese | as |
| Aymara | ay |
| Azerbaijani | az |
| Bashkir | ba |
| Basque | eu |
| Bengali (Bangla) | bn |
| Bhutani | dz |
| Bihari | bh |
| Bislama | bi |
| Breton | br |
| Bulgarian | bg |
| Burmese | my |
| Byelorussian (Belarusian) | be |
| Cambodian | km |
| Catalan | ca |
| Cherokee | |
| Chewa | |
| Chinese (Simplified) | zh |
| Chinese (Traditional) | zh |
| Corsican | co |
| Croatian | hr |
| Czech | cs |
| Danish | da |
| Divehi | |
| Dutch | nl |
| Edo | |
| English | en |
| Esperanto | eo |
| Estonian | et |
| Faeroese | fo |
| Farsi | fa |
| Fiji | fj |
| Finnish | fi |
| Flemish | |
| French | fr |
| Frisian | fy |
| Fulfulde | |
| Galician | gl |
| Gaelic (Scottish) | gd |
| Gaelic (Manx) | gv |
| Georgian | ka |
| German | de |
| Greek | el |
| Greenlandic | kl |
| Guarani | gn |
| Gujarati | gu |
| Hausa | ha |
| Hawaiian | |
| Hebrew | he, iw |
| Hindi | hi |
| Hungarian | hu |
| Ibibio | |
| Icelandic | is |
| Igbo | |
| Indonesian | id, in |
| Interlingua | ia |
| Interlingue | ie |
| Inuktitut | iu |
| Inupiak | ik |
| Irish | ga |
| Italian | it |
| Japanese | ja |
| Javanese | jv |
| Kannada | kn |
| Kanuri | |
| Kashmiri | ks |
| Kazakh | kk |
| Kinyarwanda (Ruanda) | rw |
| Kirghiz | ky |
| Kirundi (Rundi) | rn |
| Konkani | |
| Korean | ko |
| Kurdish | ku |
| Laothian | lo |
| Latin | la |
| Latvian (Lettish) | lv |
| Limburgish ( Limburger) | li |
| Lingala | ln |
| Lithuanian | lt |
| Macedonian | mk |
| Malagasy | mg |
| Malay | ms |
| Malayalam | ml |
| Maltese | mt |
| Maori | mi |
| Marathi | mr |
| Moldavian | mo |
| Mongolian | mn |
| Nauru | na |
| Nepali | ne |
| Norwegian | no |
| Occitan | oc |
| Oriya | or |
| Oromo (Afan, Galla) | om |
| Papiamentu | |
| Pashto (Pushto) | ps |
| Polish | pl |
| Portuguese | pt |
| Punjabi | pa |
| Quechua | qu |
| Rhaeto-Romance | rm |
| Romanian | ro |
| Russian | ru |
| Sami (Lappish) | |
| Samoan | sm |
| Sangro | sg |
| Sanskrit | sa |
| Serbian | sr |
| Serbo-Croatian | sh |
| Sesotho | st |
| Setswana | tn |
| Shona | sn |
| Sindhi | sd |
| Sinhalese | si |
| Siswati | ss |
| Slovak | sk |
| Slovenian | sl |
| Somali | so |
| Spanish | es |
| Sundanese | su |
| Swahili (Kiswahili) | sw |
| Swedish | sv |
| Syriac | |
| Tagalog | tl |
| Tajik | tg |
| Tamazight | |
| Tamil | ta |
| Tatar | tt |
| Telugu | te |
| Thai | th |
| Tibetan | bo |
| Tigrinya | ti |
| Tonga | to |
| Tsonga | ts |
| Turkish | tr |
| Turkmen | tk |
| Twi | tw |
| Uighur | ug |
| Ukrainian | uk |
| Urdu | ur |
| Uzbek | uz |
| Venda | |
| Vietnamese | vi |
| Volapük | vo |
| Welsh | cy |
| Wolof | wo |
| Xhosa | xh |
| Yi | |
| Yiddish | yi, ji |
| Yoruba | yo |
| Zulu | zu |
HTML URL Encoding Reference
18 May 2009 1 Comment
in html, XHTML Tags: html, html tutorials, HTML URL Encoding, lessons, tutorials, web, XHTML, XHTML Tutorial
URL encoding converts characters into a format that can be safely transmitted over the Internet.
URL – Universal Resource Locator
Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL.
The URL is the address of a web page like: http://www.w3schools.com.
URL Encoding
URLs can only be sent over the Internet using the ASCII character-set.
Since URLs often contains characters outside the ASCII set, the URL has to be converted. URL encoding converts the URL into a valid ASCII format.
URL encoding replaces unsafe ASCII characters with “%” followed by two hexadecimal digits corresponding to the character values in the ISO-8859-1 character-set.
URLs cannot contain spaces. URL encoding normally replaces a space with a + sign.
Try It Yourself
If you click the “Submit” button below, the browser will URL encode the input before it is sent to the server. A page at the server will display the received input.
Try some other input and click Submit again.
URL Encoding Functions
In JavaScript, PHP, and ASP there are functions that can be used to URL encode a string.
In JavaScript you can use the encodeURI() function. PHP has the rawurlencode() function and ASP has the Server.URLEncode() function.
Click the “URL Encode” button to see how the JavaScript function encodes the text.
Note: The JavaScript function encodes space as %20.
URL Encoding Reference
| ASCII Character | URL-encoding |
|---|---|
| space | %20 |
| ! | %21 |
| “ | %22 |
| # | %23 |
| $ | %24 |
| % | %25 |
| & | %26 |
| ‘ | %27 |
| ( | %28 |
| ) | %29 |
| * | %2A |
| + | %2B |
| , | %2C |
| - | %2D |
| . | %2E |
| / | %2F |
| 0 | %30 |
| 1 | %31 |
| 2 | %32 |
| 3 | %33 |
| 4 | %34 |
| 5 | %35 |
| 6 | %36 |
| 7 | %37 |
| 8 | %38 |
| 9 | %39 |
| : | %3A |
| ; | %3B |
| < | %3C |
| = | %3D |
| > | %3E |
| ? | %3F |
| @ | %40 |
| A | %41 |
| B | %42 |
| C | %43 |
| D | %44 |
| E | %45 |
| F | %46 |
| G | %47 |
| H | %48 |
| I | %49 |
| J | %4A |
| K | %4B |
| L | %4C |
| M | %4D |
| N | %4E |
| O | %4F |
| P | %50 |
| Q | %51 |
| R | %52 |
| S | %53 |
| T | %54 |
| U | %55 |
| V | %56 |
| W | %57 |
| X | %58 |
| Y | %59 |
| Z | %5A |
| [ | %5B |
| \ | %5C |
| ] | %5D |
| ^ | %5E |
| _ | %5F |
| ` | %60 |
| a | %61 |
| b | %62 |
| c | %63 |
| d | %64 |
| e | %65 |
| f | %66 |
| g | %67 |
| h | %68 |
| i | %69 |
| j | %6A |
| k | %6B |
| l | %6C |
| m | %6D |
| n | %6E |
| o | %6F |
| p | %70 |
| q | %71 |
| r | %72 |
| s | %73 |
| t | %74 |
| u | %75 |
| v | %76 |
| w | %77 |
| x | %78 |
| y | %79 |
| z | %7A |
| { | %7B |
| | | %7C |
| } | %7D |
| ~ | %7E |
| %7F | |
| € | %80 |
| %81 | |
| ‚ | %82 |
| ƒ | %83 |
| „ | %84 |
| … | %85 |
| † | %86 |
| ‡ | %87 |
| ˆ | %88 |
| ‰ | %89 |
| Š | %8A |
| ‹ | %8B |
| Π| %8C |
| %8D | |
| Ž | %8E |
| %8F | |
| %90 | |
| ‘ | %91 |
| ’ | %92 |
| “ | %93 |
| ” | %94 |
| • | %95 |
| – | %96 |
| — | %97 |
| ˜ | %98 |
| ™ | %99 |
| š | %9A |
| › | %9B |
| œ | %9C |
| %9D | |
| ž | %9E |
| Ÿ | %9F |
| %A0 | |
| ¡ | %A1 |
| ¢ | %A2 |
| £ | %A3 |
| %A4 | |
| ¥ | %A5 |
| | | %A6 |
| § | %A7 |
| ¨ | %A8 |
| © | %A9 |
| ª | %AA |
| « | %AB |
| ¬ | %AC |
| ¯ | %AD |
| ® | %AE |
| ¯ | %AF |
| ° | %B0 |
| ± | %B1 |
| ² | %B2 |
| ³ | %B3 |
| ´ | %B4 |
| µ | %B5 |
| ¶ | %B6 |
| · | %B7 |
| ¸ | %B8 |
| ¹ | %B9 |
| º | %BA |
| » | %BB |
| ¼ | %BC |
| ½ | %BD |
| ¾ | %BE |
| ¿ | %BF |
| À | %C0 |
| Á | %C1 |
| Â | %C2 |
| Ã | %C3 |
| Ä | %C4 |
| Å | %C5 |
| Æ | %C6 |
| Ç | %C7 |
| È | %C8 |
| É | %C9 |
| Ê | %CA |
| Ë | %CB |
| Ì | %CC |
| Í | %CD |
| Î | %CE |
| Ï | %CF |
| Ð | %D0 |
| Ñ | %D1 |
| Ò | %D2 |
| Ó | %D3 |
| Ô | %D4 |
| Õ | %D5 |
| Ö | %D6 |
| %D7 | |
| Ø | %D8 |
| Ù | %D9 |
| Ú | %DA |
| Û | %DB |
| Ü | %DC |
| Ý | %DD |
| Þ | %DE |
| ß | %DF |
| à | %E0 |
| á | %E1 |
| â | %E2 |
| ã | %E3 |
| ä | %E4 |
| å | %E5 |
| æ | %E6 |
| ç | %E7 |
| è | %E8 |
| é | %E9 |
| ê | %EA |
| ë | %EB |
| ì | %EC |
| í | %ED |
| î | %EE |
| ï | %EF |
| ð | %F0 |
| ñ | %F1 |
| ò | %F2 |
| ó | %F3 |
| ô | %F4 |
| õ | %F5 |
| ö | %F6 |
| ÷ | %F7 |
| ø | %F8 |
| ù | %F9 |
| ú | %FA |
| û | %FB |
| ü | %FC |
| ý | %FD |
| þ | %FE |
| ÿ | %FF |
URL Encoding Reference
The ASCII device control characters %00-%1f were originally designed to control hardware devices. Control characters have nothing to do inside a URL.
| ASCII Character | Description | URL-encoding |
|---|---|---|
| NUL | null character | %00 |
| SOH | start of header | %01 |
| STX | start of text | %02 |
| ETX | end of text | %03 |
| EOT | end of transmission | %04 |
| ENQ | enquiry | %05 |
| ACK | acknowledge | %06 |
| BEL | bell (ring) | %07 |
| BS | backspace | %08 |
| HT | horizontal tab | %09 |
| LF | line feed | %0A |
| VT | vertical tab | %0B |
| FF | form feed | %0C |
| CR | carriage return | %0D |
| SO | shift out | %0E |
| SI | shift in | %0F |
| DLE | data link escape | %10 |
| DC1 | device control 1 | %11 |
| DC2 | device control 2 | %12 |
| DC3 | device control 3 | %13 |
| DC4 | device control 4 | %14 |
| NAK | negative acknowledge | %15 |
| SYN | synchronize | %16 |
| ETB | end transmission block | %17 |
| CAN | cancel | %18 |
| EM | end of medium | %19 |
| SUB | substitute | %1A |
| ESC | escape | %1B |
| FS | file separator | %1C |
| GS | group separator | %1D |
| RS | record separator | %1E |
| US | unit separator | %1F |
HTML Symbol Entities Reference
18 May 2009 2 Comments
in html, XHTML Tags: html, HTML Symbol Entities, html tutorials, lessons, tutorials, web, XHTML Tutorial
HTML Symbol Entities
This entity reference includes mathematical symbols, Greek characters, various arrows, technical symbols and shapes.
Note: Entity names are case sensitive.
Math Symbols Supported by HTML
| Character | Entity Number | Entity Name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ∀ | ∀ | ∀ | for all |
| ∂ | ∂ | ∂ | part |
| ∃ | ∃ | &exists; | exists |
| ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | empty |
| ∇ | ∇ | ∇ | nabla |
| ∈ | ∈ | ∈ | isin |
| ∉ | ∉ | ∉ | notin |
| ∋ | ∋ | ∋ | ni |
| ∏ | ∏ | ∏ | prod |
| ∑ | ∑ | ∑ | sum |
| − | − | − | minus |
| ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | lowast |
| √ | √ | √ | square root |
| ∝ | ∝ | ∝ | proportional to |
| ∞ | ∞ | ∞ | infinity |
| ∠ | ∠ | ∠ | angle |
| ∧ | ∧ | ∧ | and |
| ∨ | ∨ | ∨ | or |
| ∩ | ∩ | ∩ | cap |
| ∪ | ∪ | ∪ | cup |
| ∫ | ∫ | ∫ | integral |
| ∴ | ∴ | ∴ | therefore |
| ∼ | ∼ | ∼ | simular to |
| ≅ | ≅ | ≅ | approximately equal |
| ≈ | ≈ | ≈ | almost equal |
| ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | not equal |
| ≡ | ≡ | ≡ | equivalent |
| ≤ | ≤ | ≤ | less or equal |
| ≥ | ≥ | ≥ | greater or equal |
| ⊂ | ⊂ | ⊂ | subset of |
| ⊃ | ⊃ | ⊃ | superset of |
| ⊄ | ⊄ | ⊄ | not subset of |
| ⊆ | ⊆ | ⊆ | subset or equal |
| ⊇ | ⊇ | ⊇ | superset or equal |
| ⊕ | ⊕ | ⊕ | circled plus |
| ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | cirled times |
| ⊥ | ⊥ | ⊥ | perpendicular |
| ⋅ | ⋅ | ⋅ | dot operator |
Greek Letters Supported by HTML
| Character | Entity Number | Entity Name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Α | Α | Α | Alpha |
| Β | Β | Β | Beta |
| Γ | Γ | Γ | Gamma |
| Δ | Δ | Δ | Delta |
| Ε | Ε | Ε | Epsilon |
| Ζ | Ζ | Ζ | Zeta |
| Η | Η | Η | Eta |
| Θ | Θ | Θ | Theta |
| Ι | Ι | Ι | Iota |
| Κ | Κ | Κ | Kappa |
| Λ | Λ | Λ | Lambda |
| Μ | Μ | Μ | Mu |
| Ν | Ν | Ν | Nu |
| Ξ | Ξ | Ξ | Xi |
| Ο | Ο | Ο | Omicron |
| Π | Π | Π | Pi |
| Ρ | Ρ | Ρ | Rho |
| undefined | Sigmaf | ||
| Σ | Σ | Σ | Sigma |
| Τ | Τ | Τ | Tau |
| Υ | Υ | Υ | Upsilon |
| Φ | Φ | Φ | Phi |
| Χ | Χ | Χ | Chi |
| Ψ | Ψ | Ψ | Psi |
| Ω | Ω | Ω | Omega |
| α | α | α | alpha |
| β | β | β | beta |
| γ | γ | γ | gamma |
| δ | δ | δ | delta |
| ε | ε | ε | epsilon |
| ζ | ζ | ζ | zeta |
| η | η | η | eta |
| θ | θ | θ | theta |
| ι | ι | ι | iota |
| κ | κ | κ | kappa |
| λ | λ | λ | lambda |
| μ | μ | μ | mu |
| ν | ν | ν | nu |
| ξ | ξ | ξ | xi |
| ο | ο | ο | omicron |
| π | π | π | pi |
| ρ | ρ | ρ | rho |
| ς | ς | ς | sigmaf |
| σ | σ | σ | sigma |
| τ | τ | τ | tau |
| υ | υ | υ | upsilon |
| φ | φ | φ | phi |
| χ | χ | χ | chi |
| ψ | ψ | ψ | psi |
| ω | ω | ω | omega |
| ϑ | ϑ | ϑ | theta symbol |
| ϒ | ϒ | ϒ | upsilon symbol |
| ϖ | ϖ | ϖ | pi symbol |
Other Entities Supported by HTML
| Character | Entity Number | Entity Name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Π| Π| Π| capital ligature OE |
| œ | œ | œ | small ligature oe |
| Š | Š | Š | capital S with caron |
| š | š | š | small S with caron |
| Ÿ | Ÿ | Ÿ | capital Y with diaeres |
| ƒ | ƒ | ƒ | f with hook |
| ˆ | ˆ | ˆ | modifier letter circumflex accent |
| ˜ | ˜ | ˜ | small tilde |
|   | en space | ||
|   | em space | ||
|   | thin space | ||
| | | ‌ | zero width non-joiner |
| | | ‍ | zero width joiner |
| | | ‎ | left-to-right mark |
| | | ‏ | right-to-left mark |
| – | – | – | en dash |
| — | — | — | em dash |
| ‘ | ‘ | ‘ | left single quotation mark |
| ’ | ’ | ’ | right single quotation mark |
| ‚ | ‚ | ‚ | single low-9 quotation mark |
| “ | “ | “ | left double quotation mark |
| ” | ” | ” | right double quotation mark |
| „ | „ | „ | double low-9 quotation mark |
| † | † | † | dagger |
| ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | double dagger |
| • | • | • | bullet |
| … | … | … | horizontal ellipsis |
| ‰ | ‰ | ‰ | per mille |
| ′ | ′ | ′ | minutes |
| ″ | ″ | ″ | seconds |
| ‹ | ‹ | ‹ | single left angle quotation |
| › | › | › | single right angle quotation |
| ‾ | ‾ | ‾ | overline |
| € | € | € | euro |
| ™ | ™ | ™ | trademark |
| ← | ← | ← | left arrow |
| ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | up arrow |
| → | → | → | right arrow |
| ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | down arrow |
| ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | left right arrow |
| ↵ | ↵ | ↵ | carriage return arrow |
| ⌈ | ⌈ | ⌈ | left ceiling |
| ⌉ | ⌉ | ⌉ | right ceiling |
| ⌊ | ⌊ | ⌊ | left floor |
| ⌋ | ⌋ | ⌋ | right floor |
| ◊ | ◊ | ◊ | lozenge |
| ♠ | ♠ | ♠ | spade |
| ♣ | ♣ | ♣ | club |
| ♥ | ♥ | ♥ | heart |
| ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | diamond |
HTML ISO-8859-1 Reference
18 May 2009 Leave a Comment
in html, XHTML Tags: html, html tutorials, lessons, tutorials, web, XHTML, XHTML Tutorial
Modern browsers supports several character-sets:
- ASCII character set
- Standard ISO character sets
- Mathematical symbols, Greek letters, and other symbols
ISO-8859-1
ISO-8859-1 is the default character set in most browsers.
The first 128 characters of ISO-8859-1 is the original ASCII character-set (the numbers from 0-9, the uppercase and lowercase English alphabet, and some special characters).
The higher part of ISO-8859-1 (codes from 160-255) contains the characters used in Western European countries and some commonly used special characters.
Entities are used to implement reserved characters or to express characters that cannot easily be entered with the keyboard.
Reserved Characters in HTML
Some characters are reserved in HTML and XHTML. For example, you cannot use the greater than or less than signs within your text because the browser could mistake them for markup.
HTML and XHTML processors must support the five special characters listed in the table below:
| Character | Entity Number | Entity Name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| “ | " | " | quotation mark |
| ‘ | ' | ' (does not work in IE) | apostrophe |
| & | & | & | ampersand |
| < | < | < | less-than |
| > | > | > | greater-than |
Note: Entity names are case sensitive!
ISO 8859-1 Symbols
| Character | Entity Number | Entity Name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| | non-breaking space | ||
| ¡ | ¡ | ¡ | inverted exclamation mark |
| ¢ | ¢ | ¢ | cent |
| £ | £ | £ | pound |
| ¤ | ¤ | ¤ | currency |
| ¥ | ¥ | ¥ | yen |
| ¦ | ¦ | ¦ | broken vertical bar |
| § | § | § | section |
| ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | spacing diaeresis |
| © | © | © | copyright |
| ª | ª | ª | feminine ordinal indicator |
| « | « | « | angle quotation mark (left) |
| ¬ | ¬ | ¬ | negation |
| | | ­ | soft hyphen |
| ® | ® | ® | registered trademark |
| ¯ | ¯ | ¯ | spacing macron |
| ° | ° | ° | degree |
| ± | ± | ± | plus-or-minus |
| ² | ² | ² | superscript 2 |
| ³ | ³ | ³ | superscript 3 |
| ´ | ´ | ´ | spacing acute |
| µ | µ | µ | micro |
| ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | paragraph |
| · | · | · | middle dot |
| ¸ | ¸ | ¸ | spacing cedilla |
| ¹ | ¹ | ¹ | superscript 1 |
| º | º | º | masculine ordinal indicator |
| » | » | » | angle quotation mark (right) |
| ¼ | ¼ | ¼ | fraction 1/4 |
| ½ | ½ | ½ | fraction 1/2 |
| ¾ | ¾ | ¾ | fraction 3/4 |
| ¿ | ¿ | ¿ | inverted question mark |
| × | × | × | multiplication |
| ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | division |
ISO 8859-1 Characters
| Character | Entity Number | Entity Name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| À | À | À | capital a, grave accent |
| Á | Á | Á | capital a, acute accent |
| Â | Â | Â | capital a, circumflex accent |
| Ã | Ã | Ã | capital a, tilde |
| Ä | Ä | Ä | capital a, umlaut mark |
| Å | Å | Å | capital a, ring |
| Æ | Æ | Æ | capital ae |
| Ç | Ç | Ç | capital c, cedilla |
| È | È | È | capital e, grave accent |
| É | É | É | capital e, acute accent |
| Ê | Ê | Ê | capital e, circumflex accent |
| Ë | Ë | Ë | capital e, umlaut mark |
| Ì | Ì | Ì | capital i, grave accent |
| Í | Í | Í | capital i, acute accent |
| Î | Î | Î | capital i, circumflex accent |
| Ï | Ï | Ï | capital i, umlaut mark |
| Ð | Ð | Ð | capital eth, Icelandic |
| Ñ | Ñ | Ñ | capital n, tilde |
| Ò | Ò | Ò | capital o, grave accent |
| Ó | Ó | Ó | capital o, acute accent |
| Ô | Ô | Ô | capital o, circumflex accent |
| Õ | Õ | Õ | capital o, tilde |
| Ö | Ö | Ö | capital o, umlaut mark |
| Ø | Ø | Ø | capital o, slash |
| Ù | Ù | Ù | capital u, grave accent |
| Ú | Ú | Ú | capital u, acute accent |
| Û | Û | Û | capital u, circumflex accent |
| Ü | Ü | Ü | capital u, umlaut mark |
| Ý | Ý | Ý | capital y, acute accent |
| Þ | Þ | Þ | capital THORN, Icelandic |
| ß | ß | ß | small sharp s, German |
| à | à | à | small a, grave accent |
| á | á | á | small a, acute accent |
| â | â | â | small a, circumflex accent |
| ã | ã | ã | small a, tilde |
| ä | ä | ä | small a, umlaut mark |
| å | å | å | small a, ring |
| æ | æ | æ | small ae |
| ç | ç | ç | small c, cedilla |
| è | è | è | small e, grave accent |
| é | é | é | small e, acute accent |
| ê | ê | ê | small e, circumflex accent |
| ë | ë | ë | small e, umlaut mark |
| ì | ì | ì | small i, grave accent |
| í | í | í | small i, acute accent |
| î | î | î | small i, circumflex accent |
| ï | ï | ï | small i, umlaut mark |
| ð | ð | ð | small eth, Icelandic |
| ñ | ñ | ñ | small n, tilde |
| ò | ò | ò | small o, grave accent |
| ó | ó | ó | small o, acute accent |
| ô | ô | ô | small o, circumflex accent |
| õ | õ | õ | small o, tilde |
| ö | ö | ö | small o, umlaut mark |
| ø | ø | ø | small o, slash |
| ù | ù | ù | small u, grave accent |
| ú | ú | ú | small u, acute accent |
| û | û | û | small u, circumflex accent |
| ü | ü | ü | small u, umlaut mark |
| ý | ý | ý | small y, acute accent |
| þ | þ | þ | small thorn, Icelandic |
| ÿ | ÿ | ÿ | small y, umlaut mark |
HTML ASCII Reference
18 May 2009 Leave a Comment
in html, XHTML Tags: html, HTML ASCII, html tutorials, lessons, tutorials, web, XHTML, XHTML Tutorial
The ASCII character-set is used to send information between computers on the Internet.
The ASCII Character Set
ASCII stands for the “American Standard Code for Information Interchange”. It was designed in the early 60′s, as a standard character-set for computers and hardware devices like teleprinters and tapedrives.
ASCII is a 7-bit character set containing 128 characters.
It contains the numbers from 0-9, the uppercase and lowercase English letters from A to Z, and some special characters.
The character-sets used in modern computers, HTML, and Internet are all based on ASCII.
The following table lists the 128 ASCII characters and their equivalent HTML entity codes.
ASCII Printable Characters
| ASCII Character | HTML Entity Code | Description |
|---|---|---|
| space | ||
| ! | ! | exclamation mark |
| “ | " | quotation mark |
| # | # | number sign |
| $ | $ | dollar sign |
| % | % | percent sign |
| & | & | ampersand |
| ‘ | ' | apostrophe |
| ( | ( | left parenthesis |
| ) | ) | right parenthesis |
| * | * | asterisk |
| + | + | plus sign |
| , | , | comma |
| - | - | hyphen |
| . | . | period |
| / | / | slash |
| 0 | 0 | digit 0 |
| 1 | 1 | digit 1 |
| 2 | 2 | digit 2 |
| 3 | 3 | digit 3 |
| 4 | 4 | digit 4 |
| 5 | 5 | digit 5 |
| 6 | 6 | digit 6 |
| 7 | 7 | digit 7 |
| 8 | 8 | digit 8 |
| 9 | 9 | digit 9 |
| : | : | colon |
| ; | ; | semicolon |
| < | < | less-than |
| = | = | equals-to |
| > | > | greater-than |
| ? | ? | question mark |
| @ | @ | at sign |
| A | A | uppercase A |
| B | B | uppercase B |
| C | C | uppercase C |
| D | D | uppercase D |
| E | E | uppercase E |
| F | F | uppercase F |
| G | G | uppercase G |
| H | H | uppercase H |
| I | I | uppercase I |
| J | J | uppercase J |
| K | K | uppercase K |
| L | L | uppercase L |
| M | M | uppercase M |
| N | N | uppercase N |
| O | O | uppercase O |
| P | P | uppercase P |
| Q | Q | uppercase Q |
| R | R | uppercase R |
| S | S | uppercase S |
| T | T | uppercase T |
| U | U | uppercase U |
| V | V | uppercase V |
| W | W | uppercase W |
| X | X | uppercase X |
| Y | Y | uppercase Y |
| Z | Z | uppercase Z |
| [ | [ | left square bracket |
| \ | \ | backslash |
| ] | ] | right square bracket |
| ^ | ^ | caret |
| _ | _ | underscore |
| ` | ` | grave accent |
| a | a | lowercase a |
| b | b | lowercase b |
| c | c | lowercase c |
| d | d | lowercase d |
| e | e | lowercase e |
| f | f | lowercase f |
| g | g | lowercase g |
| h | h | lowercase h |
| i | i | lowercase i |
| j | j | lowercase j |
| k | k | lowercase k |
| l | l | lowercase l |
| m | m | lowercase m |
| n | n | lowercase n |
| o | o | lowercase o |
| p | p | lowercase p |
| q | q | lowercase q |
| r | r | lowercase r |
| s | s | lowercase s |
| t | t | lowercase t |
| u | u | lowercase u |
| v | v | lowercase v |
| w | w | lowercase w |
| x | x | lowercase x |
| y | y | lowercase y |
| z | z | lowercase z |
| { | { | left curly brace |
| | | | | vertical bar |
| } | } | right curly brace |
| ~ | ~ | tilde |
ASCII Device Control Characters
The ASCII device control characters were originally designed to control hardware devices.
Control characters have nothing to do inside an HTML document.
| ASCII Character | HTML Entity Code | Description |
|---|---|---|
| NUL | null character | |
| SOH |  | start of header |
| STX |  | start of text |
| ETX |  | end of text |
| EOT |  | end of transmission |
| ENQ |  | enquiry |
| ACK |  | acknowledge |
| BEL |  | bell (ring) |
| BS |  | backspace |
| HT | horizontal tab | |
| LF | line feed | |
| VT |  | vertical tab |
| FF |  | form feed |
| CR | carriage return | |
| SO |  | shift out |
| SI |  | shift in |
| DLE |  | data link escape |
| DC1 |  | device control 1 |
| DC2 |  | device control 2 |
| DC3 |  | device control 3 |
| DC4 |  | device control 4 |
| NAK |  | negative acknowledge |
| SYN |  | synchronize |
| ETB |  | end transmission block |
| CAN |  | cancel |
| EM |  | end of medium |
| SUB |  | substitute |
| ESC |  | escape |
| FS |  | file separator |
| GS |  | group separator |
| RS |  | record separator |
| US |  | unit separator |
| DEL | | delete (rubout) |
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